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The International Socialists (1968–1986) was a Third Camp Trotskyist group in the United States. The roots of the IS went back to the fall of 1964 when the Berkeley locals of the SP-SDF and YPSL left with 16 members to found the Independent Socialist Club led by Hal Draper and Joel Geier.〔Fisk, Milton (''Socialism from below in the United States:The Origins of the International Socialist Organization'' ) Hera Press, Cleveland 1977〕 At first it consisted mainly of ex-Independent Socialist League members who had disagreed with the decision to merge the ISL into the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation in 1958 and had become uncomfortable with the positions taken by Max Shachtman and the Realignment Caucus within the party, i.e. entry into the Democratic Party, and an orientation toward the established union leadership and integrationist forces within the civil rights movement.〔Alexander, Robert "Schisms and unifications in the American Old Left" ''Labor History'' vol. 14 Fall 1973 p.545〕 The new group wished to revive the tendency represented by the ISL and the third camp.〔Fisk, Milton (''Socialism from below in the United States:The Origins of the International Socialist Organization'' ) Hera Press, Cleveland 1977〕 While still basing its ideas on the literature of the ISL, as the new organization grew through the 1960s, the proportion of former members of the ISL declined, until they were a small handful by 1970.〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 pp.899-900〕 The following year a second ISC was founded in Berkeley (one on campus, one in town) and another in New York.〔Alexander, Robert "Schisms and unifications in the American Old Left" ''Labor History'' vol. 14 Fall 1973 p.545〕 In September 1967 a conference was held in New York and the clubs were federated under the umbrella Independent Socialist Clubs of America. A quarterly, ''Independent Socialist'' or ''I.S.'' had begun in early 1967 and became the organ of the new group.〔Fisk, Milton (''Socialism from below in the United States:The Origins of the International Socialist Organization'' ) Hera Press, Cleveland 1977〕 The group worked within the CORE, the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and help initiate the California Peace and Freedom Party, which it saw as a form of "independent political action...leading eventually, or hoping to crystallize the development of a Workers party".〔Alexander, Robert "Schisms and unifications in the American Old Left" ''Labor History'' vol. 14 Fall 1973 p.546〕 The movement recruited many members from its work in the PFP and among Students for a Democratic Society. When the SDS imploded in 1969 many of its members joined the Independent Socialists, including the Revolutionary Socialist Caucus, and significant parts of the SDS chapters at the University of Chicago, University of Michigan, CCNY, and Madison. The Revolutionary Workers Committee at Detroit also joined. With all of these additions it was decided that a national organization should be created, more centralized than the former federation of autonomous clubs. Thus "International Socialist" was formed at a convention in September 1969.〔Alexander, Robert "Schisms and unifications in the American Old Left" ''Labor History'' vol. 14 Fall 1973 p.545〕〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 pp.899-900〕 More changed than just the name. The national office was transferred from New York to Detroit. The groups periodical, which had moved from New York to Berkeley, was also moved to Detroit and rechristened ''Workers Power''. National Secretary Joel Geir noted that while they had formerly been oriented toward the student, anti-war, and women's liberation movements, they would now focus on the working class. They developed a three pronged strategy that included building rank and file within the unions, caucuses for black and women workers, and urging independent political action of the workers organizations. This strategy de-emphasized the long term program of Trotskyism, instead focusing on day-to-day issues. As they put it "Rank and file groups usually arise around a specific event, incident or issue. It is the tasks of socialists and advanced militants to move the group in a broader programmatic direction. This is not done by putting forth a score of demands all at once. New demands and concepts should be introduced in a logical and relevant manner" A group of member who were uncomfortable with this distancing from Trotskyist ideology broke away in 1973 and formed the Revolutionary Socialist League in 1973, taking about a third of the membership.〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 pp.901, 903〕" Of all the Trotskyist groups that attempted a turn toward industry in the 1970s, the IS was the most successful. They became a force within opposition movements within several unions. These included the United Action Caucus within Local 1101 in the Communication Workers of America, the opposition to the leadership of the United Mine Workers which eventually led to the election of Arnold Miller as president, the opposition within the National Maritime Union, and in the International Longshore and Warehouse Union where they led a successful court fight against the expulsion of IS member Stanley Wier.〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 p.901〕 However they were most successful within the Teamsters. Here they worked within the Teamsters Rank and File Caucus, which was organized around the issue of alleged misspending of pension funds by union officials. They also were an important element within the Teamsters for a decent Contract later in the decade. Through these activities the IS was able to recruit a number of important rank and file leaders, most of whom later left the group during its splits, such as that forming Workers Power.〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 pp.902, 910〕 The IS organized regional conferences of the opposition movements within labor unions during the mid-1970s, and in the late 1970s formed the "Labor Education and Research Project". This "Project" began publication of ''Labor Notes'', which carried news on the rank-and-file movements within the unions and began regular conferences and workshops on the labor movement.〔Alexander, Robert ''International Trotskyism: a documented analysis of the world movement'' Durham, Duke University Press 1991 p.902〕 Meanwhile, the group lost some of its original members. Hal Draper left the organization in 1971. He claimed that the IS was embracing dual unionism, and felt that the IS was becoming a "micro-sect" and it was best to participate in personal, rather than organized political activity. IS had long had informal links with the International Socialists in Britain led by Tony Cliff. By the early 1970s some members were becoming influenced by that group and came to reject the labeling of Stalinist states as bureaucratic collectivist in favor of Cliff's state capitalism theory. These members were also disturbed by the abandonment, as they saw it, of IS's traditional policy on building rank and file caucuses in the unions as well as by the stance adopted by the leadership around Joel Geier on the then-current upheaval in Portugal. By 1977 this group had formally constituted itself as the Left Tendency and were then expelled, after which it founded the International Socialist Organization. At around the same time another tendency came into opposition to IS's leadership and split to form a new group called Workers Power. By 1986 the IS had decided that a more pluralist sort of socialist organization was required and merged with Workers Power and Socialist Unity to form Solidarity. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Socialists (United States)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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